🌱 Plant Kingdom – Class 11 Notes for NEET & CBSE

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Introduction
The Plant Kingdom is one of the most important chapters in Class 11 Biology. It forms the foundation for understanding plant diversity, classification, and evolution. For NEET aspirants, this topic is high-scoring as it is frequently asked in exams. In this blog, we will go through the key concepts of the Plant Kingdom in a simple, exam-focused manner.


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📌 Classification of Plant Kingdom (as per R.H. Whittaker, 1969)

The Plant Kingdom is divided into the following major groups:

1. Algae


2. Bryophytes


3. Pteridophytes


4. Gymnosperms


5. Angiosperms




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🌊 1. Algae

Simple, autotrophic plants mostly found in water.

Body is thalloid (not differentiated into root, stem, leaves).

Examples: Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Volvox.

Economic importance: Provide oxygen, used in biofertilizers and food (e.g., agar, carrageenan).



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🌱 2. Bryophytes (Amphibians of the Plant Kingdom)

Found in damp, shady places.

Show alternation of generations (gametophyte and sporophyte).

Examples: Moss (Funaria), Liverworts (Marchantia).

Importance: Prevent soil erosion, used as fuel (peat moss).



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🌿 3. Pteridophytes (First Vascular Plants)

Possess true root, stem, and leaves.

Reproduce via spores (no seeds).

Examples: Ferns, Selaginella, Equisetum.

Importance: Some are ornamental (Ferns), some medicinal.



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🌲 4. Gymnosperms (Naked Seed Plants)

Produce seeds without fruit covering.

Examples: Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo.

Characteristics: Well-developed vascular tissue, evergreen trees.

Economic importance: Source of timber, resin, and paper.



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🌸 5. Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

Most advanced and diverse group.

Produce flowers, fruits, and seeds.

Divided into:

Monocots (one cotyledon, parallel venation – e.g., Rice, Wheat, Maize).

Dicots (two cotyledons, reticulate venation – e.g., Mango, Sunflower).


Provide food, medicine, timber, and oxygen.



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📌 Key Differences at a Glance

Group Body Type Vascular Tissue Reproduction Examples

Algae Thalloid Absent Spores Spirogyra
Bryophytes Thalloid/leafy Absent Spores Moss
Pteridophytes Differentiated Present Spores Fern
Gymnosperms Differentiated Present Naked seeds Pinus
Angiosperms Differentiated Present Seeds inside fruit Mango, Rice



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📌 NEET/CBSE Exam Tip

Bryophytes → Amphibians of the Plant Kingdom.

Pteridophytes → First vascular plants.

Gymnosperms → Naked seed plants.

Angiosperms → Most advanced plants.



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📌 Conclusion

The Plant Kingdom shows how plants have evolved from simple thalloid algae to complex flowering plants. For NEET students, focus on classification, examples, and unique features of each group. For CBSE students, diagrams and key terms are crucial for scoring marks.

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