🌱 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants – NEET 2025 Notes with Diagrams

Photosynthesis is the most vital process for life on Earth. It is the way green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, producing food and releasing oxygen. For NEET 2025 aspirants, this topic from Plant Physiology is highly important because it contributes 2–3 direct questions every year.

In this post, we’ll cover:

✅ NCERT-based concepts of Photosynthesis

✅ Light and Dark Reactions (C3, C4, CAM)

✅ Important diagrams and flowcharts

✅ Previous year trends and practice questions

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📌 Definition of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.

Equation:

(in the presence of light and chlorophyll)

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🌞 Light Reaction (Photochemical Phase)

Takes place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

Involves Photosystem I (PS-I) and Photosystem II (PS-II).

Light energy excites electrons → ATP & NADPH formed.

Photolysis of water releases O₂.

Z-Scheme of Light Reaction

Represents electron transport.

Electron flow: PS-II → Cytochrome b6f → PS-I → NADPH.

Generates ATP + NADPH = “assimilatory power.”

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🌑 Dark Reaction (Biosynthetic Phase)

Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

1. C3 Cycle (Calvin Cycle)

First CO₂ fixation product: 3-PGA (Phosphoglyceric Acid).

Enzyme: RuBisCO (Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase).

Steps: Carboxylation → Reduction → Regeneration.

Found in most plants.

2. C4 Cycle (Hatch and Slack Pathway)

First CO₂ fixation product: Oxaloacetic acid (OAA).

Enzyme: PEP carboxylase.

Special leaf anatomy: Kranz Anatomy.

Found in maize, sugarcane.

Reduces photorespiration.

3. CAM Pathway (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)

Seen in desert plants (cactus, pineapple).

CO₂ fixation at night (stomata open at night).

Conserves water.

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📊 Key Differences – C3 vs C4 vs CAM

Feature C3 Plants C4 Plants CAM Plants

First Product 3-PGA OAA Malic acid

Enzyme RuBisCO PEP Carboxylase PEP Carboxylase

Photorespiration High Negligible Negligible

Habitat Cool, moist Tropics Desert

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📌 Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Light intensity – Increases rate up to saturation point.

CO₂ concentration – Limiting factor in most conditions.

Temperature – Optimum varies for C3 vs C4 plants.

Water – Indirectly affects due to stomatal closure.

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🎯 NEET Practice Questions

1. Name the enzyme responsible for CO₂ fixation in C3 plants.

2. What is Kranz anatomy and where is it found?

3. Which plant pathway is an adaptation to desert conditions?

4. Write the equation of photosynthesis.

5. Why is photorespiration wasteful?

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🚀 Quick Revision Tips

Always revise NCERT diagrams: Z-scheme, Calvin Cycle, Kranz Anatomy.

Remember enzymes + first products for C3, C4, CAM.

Highlight NCERT lines — direct NEET questions come from them.

Solve previous 10 years’ NEET questions on Photosynthesis.

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📝 Final Words

Photosynthesis is not just a process, it’s a high-scoring chapter for NEET aspirants. With smart preparation of Light Reaction, Calvin Cycle, and C4/CAM pathways, you can secure easy marks in NEET 2025.

👉 Stay tuned with Botany Sir Himansu for daily NEET-focused Botany blogs, YouTube videos, and Insta reels.