The Plant Kingdom – Fungi: Structure, Types & Importance (NEET 2025)

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When you hear the word fungus, you might instantly think of mushrooms, molds, or maybe even bread gone bad! But in NEET Botany, fungi play a much bigger role. They are fascinating organisms that don’t quite fit into the plant world or the animal world. Let’s break them down in a simple, student-friendly way.


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What are Fungi?

Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms. Unlike green plants, they do not have chlorophyll and cannot make their own food. Instead, they depend on other organisms for nutrition. Their cell walls are made up of chitin, which makes them different from plants whose cell walls contain cellulose.

They are found everywhere — soil, water, air, and even inside your body. Some fungi are beneficial, while others can cause diseases in plants and humans.


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Modes of Nutrition in Fungi

Fungi show different styles of nutrition:

1. Saprophytic fungi – They feed on dead and decaying matter. Example: Rhizopus (bread mold).


2. Parasitic fungi – They depend on living organisms, often harming the host. Example: Puccinia (wheat rust).


3. Symbiotic fungi – They live in a mutually beneficial relationship with other organisms. Example: Lichens (algae + fungi).



This diversity makes fungi essential players in ecosystems.


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Major Groups of Fungi

Fungi are classified into four main groups:

1. Phycomycetes – Found in moist places, they reproduce by zoospores. Example: Mucor.


2. Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi) – Known as "sac fungi" because of their spore sacs. Example: Saccharomyces (yeast).


3. Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi) – Includes mushrooms, bracket fungi, and puffballs. Example: Agaricus.


4. Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi) – No sexual stage is known. Example: Alternaria.



For NEET, remembering examples is key.


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Importance of Fungi in NEET & Daily Life

Fungi are more useful than you think:

Medicinal – Penicillium gives us the antibiotic penicillin.

Food industry – Yeast helps in baking bread and brewing beer.

Decomposers – Recycle nutrients in ecosystems.

Pathogens – Some cause diseases like athlete’s foot or ringworm.


So fungi are both friends and foes, depending on the species.


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NEET Exam Focus

Remember examples with their groups (e.g., Rhizopus → Phycomycetes).

Cell wall composition: Chitin (NOT cellulose).

Fungal reproduction: vegetative (fragmentation), asexual (spores), sexual (fusion of gametes).

Symbiosis in Lichens and Mycorrhizae is a hot topic.



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Quick Revision Table

Group Key Feature Example

Phycomycetes Found in moist habitats Mucor, Rhizopus
Ascomycetes Spore sac (ascus) Yeast, Neurospora
Basidiomycetes Club-shaped basidia Agaricus, Puccinia
Deuteromycetes No sexual stage known Alternaria, Colletotrichum



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Final Words

Fungi may not look as “green and lively” as plants, but they’re one of the most important topics for NEET Botany. If you master their classification and examples, you’ll easily score questions from this unit.

So next time you see bread mold or a mushroom, remember — it could be the key to +4 marks in your NEET exam! 🌱🍄

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