Biological Classification NEET 2025 Notes | Class 11 Botany NCERT Revision

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🌍 Introduction

Jab duniya mein itne saare organisms hain – bacteria se leke humans tak – toh unko samajhne ke liye classification zaroori hai. 🌱
Pehle Aristotle ne living beings ko 2 groups mein divide kiya: Plants & Animals.
But science aage badhi aur Whittaker (1969) ne diya Five Kingdom Classification – jo NEET ke liye super important hai!


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🏰 Five Kingdom Classification (R.H. Whittaker, 1969)

1. Monera

Prokaryotes (nucleus absent)

Examples: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic ya heterotrophic
👉 NEET Tip: Peptidoglycan cell wall = Monera



2. Protista

Eukaryotic unicellular organisms

Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena

Special: Euglena = Plant + Animal dono ke features



3. Fungi

Heterotrophic, saprophytic organisms

Cell wall = Chitin

Examples: Mushroom, Yeast, Rhizopus
👉 NEET Favourite: Yeast = Unicellular fungus



4. Plantae

Multicellular, autotrophic, photosynthetic

Example: Mango tree, Neem, Ferns



5. Animalia

Multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall

Example: Human, Lion, Fish





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🦠 Viruses, Viroids & Lichens (Extra Edge for NEET)

Viruses: Non-cellular, DNA/RNA inside protein coat (capsid).
👉 NEET Q: Virus living hai sirf host ke andar.

Viroids: Infectious RNA without protein coat.
👉 Discovered by T.O. Diener.

Lichens: Symbiotic association of Algae + Fungus.
👉 Fungus = provides shelter & water; Algae = photosynthesis.



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📝 Quick Revision

Whittaker → Five Kingdom Classification.

Monera = Prokaryotes; Protista = Unicellular Eukaryotes.

Fungi = Chitin wall, heterotrophic.

Virus = Non-cellular, needs host.

Lichen = Algae + Fungus symbiosis.



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❓ NEET FAQs

Q1. Five Kingdom Classification kisne diya?
👉 R.H. Whittaker (1969).

Q2. Virus ko living ya non-living maana jata hai?
👉 Host ke andar living, bahar non-living.

Q3. Lichen kis type ka organism hai?
👉 Symbiotic → Algae + Fungus.

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