Plant Kingdom – NEET 2025 Notes | Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 | Easy Summary + Chart + PYQs

🌿 1. Introduction

Hey NEET aspirants 👋
In this chapter, we explore how the plant kingdom evolved — from simple algae to the most advanced flowering plants.
Let’s simplify this complex classification into visual charts + memory codes + NEET PYQs.

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🌊 2. Basis of Classification

Plants are classified based on:

• Thallus organization

• Vascular tissue presence

• Seed formation

• Flower formation

💡 Simple → Complex Evolution: Algae → Bryophytes → Pteridophytes → Gymnosperms → Angiosperms.

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🧬 3. Major Divisions of Plant Kingdom

Group	Key Feature	Example	NEET Tip
Algae	Aquatic, simple, no vascular tissue	Spirogyra, Volvox	~1 Q/year
Bryophytes	Amphibians of the plant kingdom	Riccia, Moss	Require water for fertilization
Pteridophytes	First vascular plants	Fern, Selaginella	Sporophyte dominant
Gymnosperms	Naked seeds	Cycas, Pinus	No fruit formation
Angiosperms	Covered seeds, flowers present	Mango, Wheat	Most evolved group

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🌸 4. Alternation of Generations

• Two phases:
  🌿 Sporophyte (2n) — produces spores
  🌱 Gametophyte (n) — produces gametes

• Both alternate regularly → life cycle balance.

🧠 Mnemonic: “Spores → Gametes → Spores again 🌿”

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🌻 5. Angiosperm Subdivision

• Monocots: 1 cotyledon, parallel venation, fibrous roots.
  🌾 Example: Wheat, Maize.

• Dicots: 2 cotyledons, reticulate venation, taproot.
  🌸 Example: Mango, Pea.

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📘 6. PYQs

Q1. Amphibians of plant kingdom are —
✅ Bryophytes

Q2. First vascular plants are —
✅ Pteridophytes

Q3. Seed-bearing, non-flowering plants are —
✅ Gymnosperms

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🌟 7. Quick Summary

🌿 Evolution Line: Algae → Bryophytes → Pteridophytes → Gymnosperms → Angiosperms
🧠 Mnemonic: “All Boys Play Good Always.”
💧 Water dependence decreases with evolution.