Photosynthesis in Higher Plants – Complete NEET Notes, Tips & PYQs

Introduction: Why Photosynthesis is the Heart of Life

Every green leaf around you is a little food factory — constantly working, even when you’re asleep! Photosynthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes on Earth, and it’s a must-know chapter for every NEET aspirant. Not only does it appear in every NEET exam, but it also forms the conceptual base for many future chapters like Plant Physiology and Ecology.

In this article, you’ll learn everything you need — the concepts, mechanisms, diagrams, shortcuts, and previous year NEET questions — all explained in a student-friendly, simple language.

---

🌿 Section 1: Understanding Photosynthesis – The Basic Concept

Photosynthesis is the biological process through which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, stored in the form of glucose. The general equation is:

6CO_2 + 12H_2O → C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 + 6H_2O

Key Concept:

Chlorophyll pigments capture sunlight, water provides electrons, and carbon dioxide is the carbon source for making food.

Main Sites of Photosynthesis:

Mesophyll cells of green leaves

Chloroplasts (contain thylakoid membranes & stroma)

Important Point for NEET:

The light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes, while the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) occurs in the stroma.

---

☀️ Section 2: The Light Reaction – Capturing the Energy

Light reactions (or photochemical reactions) are dependent on sunlight and happen inside thylakoids. The two photosystems involved are:

1. Photosystem II (PSII) – Absorbs light at 680 nm (P680)

2. Photosystem I (PSI) – Absorbs light at 700 nm (P700)

These systems are connected via the Z-scheme of electron transport.

Steps Simplified:

1. Light excites electrons in chlorophyll (PSII).

2. Electrons move through the electron transport chain to PSI.

3. Water molecules split (photolysis) releasing O₂, H⁺, and electrons.

4. ATP and NADPH are produced — the energy currency of the cell.

Remember for NEET:

Photolysis of water occurs in PSII.

ATP synthesis is through photophosphorylation.

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation forms both ATP and NADPH, while cyclic photophosphorylation forms only ATP.

Mn Cluster (OEC – Oxygen Evolving Complex):

Located on PSII’s inner side.

Contains Mn²⁺ ions crucial for splitting water.

---

🌳 Section 3: The Dark Reaction – Carbon Fixation (Calvin Cycle)

The Calvin Cycle, also called the C3 cycle, occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and does not directly depend on light. It uses ATP and NADPH generated from the light reaction to fix carbon dioxide.

Phases of Calvin Cycle:

1. Carboxylation – CO₂ is fixed by RuBisCO enzyme with Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).

2. Reduction – Formation of G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) using ATP & NADPH.

3. Regeneration – RuBP is regenerated to continue the cycle.

Important Enzyme:

RuBisCO (Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase) — the most abundant enzyme on Earth.

Fun Fact:

Every 6 molecules of CO₂ fixed lead to the formation of one molecule of glucose!

---

🌾 Section 4: Photorespiration, C4 and CAM Pathways

While photosynthesis is efficient, oxygen can interfere with the RuBisCO enzyme, leading to a wasteful process known as photorespiration.

🌱 Photorespiration (C₂ Cycle):

Occurs when O₂ competes with CO₂ for RuBisCO.

Results in the loss of CO₂ and ATP.

Major site: Peroxisomes and mitochondria.

🌾 C₄ Pathway (Hatch and Slack Pathway):

C₄ plants like maize, sugarcane, and sorghum have a specialized mechanism to minimize photorespiration.

Key Features:

Kranz anatomy (bundle sheath cells & mesophyll cells).

First stable product is Oxaloacetic acid (OAA) (4-carbon compound).

Enzyme: PEP Carboxylase (no affinity for O₂).

Advantages:

More efficient CO₂ fixation.

Higher productivity in hot climates (important for NEET MCQs).

🌵 CAM Pathway:

Found in desert plants (like cactus, pineapple).

CO₂ fixation happens at night, reducing water loss.

CO₂ stored as malic acid, used in daytime for photosynthesis.

---

🧠 Section 5: NEET PYQs (Previous Year Questions)

1. NEET 2020: In the light reaction, plastoquinone facilitates the transfer of electrons from

Answer: PSII to cytochrome b₆f complex.

2. NEET 2021: Identify the correct sequence of events in the light reaction of photosynthesis.

Answer: Photolysis → Electron transport → ATP synthesis → NADPH formation

3. NEET 2019: Which of the following is the first CO₂ fixation product in C₄ plants?

Answer: Oxaloacetic acid (OAA)

4. NEET 2022: RuBisCO is an enzyme involved in both carboxylation and oxygenation during photosynthesis.

Answer: True

---

💡 Section 6: Smart Tricks to Remember Photosynthesis Concepts

Mnemonic for Electron Flow:

“PSII → PQ → Cyt b6f → PC → PSI → Fd → NADP⁺”

C₃ vs C₄ Plants Trick:

C₃ = Cool & Common; C₄ = Hot & High yield

Quick Formula:

6CO₂ + 12H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O

Exam Tip:

Diagram-based questions are frequent! Practice labeling Z-scheme, chloroplast structure, and Calvin cycle steps.

---

🌸 Section 7: Importance of Photosynthesis – Beyond NEET

Photosynthesis isn’t just a textbook topic — it’s the foundation of life. Every oxygen molecule you inhale, every grain of food you eat, owes its existence to this miraculous process. Understanding it deeply helps NEET aspirants build a strong conceptual base in Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Ecology.

Applications in Real Life:

Carbon sequestration combats global warming.

Artificial photosynthesis research aims to produce clean fuels.

Crop engineering enhances yield using C₄ genes in C₃ plants.

---

🪴 Conclusion

Photosynthesis is more than a chapter — it’s the heartbeat of the green world.

For NEET aspirants, mastering it can fetch easy 4–8 marks. Focus on enzymes, pathways, sites, and differences between C₃, C₄, and CAM plants. Regular revision and diagram practice will ensure full marks in this section.