Plant Kingdom NEET 2025 Notes | Class 11 Botany NCERT Revision

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🌍 Introduction

Plants hamesha se human life ke liye backbone rahe hain 🌿. Oxygen, food, shelter sab plants se hi aata hai. Isliye Botany mein ek pure unit diya gaya hai on Plant Kingdom.
NCERT ke hisaab se, Plant Kingdom ko Algae → Bryophytes → Pteridophytes → Gymnosperms → Angiosperms ke sequence mein padhna hai.


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🔹 Algae

Mostly aquatic (freshwater ya marine).

Simple, autotrophic, thalloid body.

Cell wall = Cellulose.

Examples: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra, Laminaria
👉 Economic use: Agar (Red algae), Food supplements (Protein-rich Spirulina).



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🔹 Bryophytes (Amphibians of Plant Kingdom)

Moist, shady places mein grow karte hain.

Plant body: Thallus-like, no vascular tissue.

Sex organs multicellular: Antheridium (male), Archegonium (female).

Zygote → embryo (important feature).

Examples: Riccia, Marchantia, Moss (Funaria).



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🔹 Pteridophytes (First Vascular Plants)

Vascular tissue (xylem + phloem) present.

True root, stem & leaves develop ho gaye.

Reproduce via spores (so they’re called Cryptogams).

Sporophyte dominant, independent.

Example: Fern, Selaginella, Equisetum (Horsetail).


👉 NEET Tip: Selaginella = Heterosporous pteridophyte.


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🔹 Gymnosperms (Naked Seed Plants)

Seeds are not enclosed in fruits.

Mostly woody plants, evergreen, perennial.

Male & female cones separate.

Example: Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra.


👉 NEET Q: Cycas shows motile sperms (primitive feature).


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🔹 Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

Most advanced plants 🌸.

Seeds enclosed in fruits.

Double fertilisation (unique feature).

Divided into:

Dicots → Tap root, Reticulate venation, 2 cotyledons.

Monocots → Fibrous root, Parallel venation, 1 cotyledon.


Example: Rice, Wheat, Mango, Rose.



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📝 Quick Revision

Algae → Thalloid, aquatic, cellulose wall.

Bryophytes → Amphibians, embryo develops.

Pteridophytes → Vascular tissue + spores.

Gymnosperms → Naked seeds, cones.

Angiosperms → Flowers, fruits, double fertilisation.



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❓ NEET FAQs

Q1. Amphibians of Plant Kingdom kisko kehte hain?
👉 Bryophytes.

Q2. Double fertilisation sirf kis group mein hota hai?
👉 Angiosperms.

Q3. Selaginella heterosporous hai ya homosporous?
👉 Heterosporous.

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