🌍 Introduction
Plants hamesha se human life ke liye backbone rahe hain 🌿. Oxygen, food, shelter sab plants se hi aata hai. Isliye Botany mein ek pure unit diya gaya hai on Plant Kingdom.
NCERT ke hisaab se, Plant Kingdom ko Algae → Bryophytes → Pteridophytes → Gymnosperms → Angiosperms ke sequence mein padhna hai.
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🔹 Algae
Mostly aquatic (freshwater ya marine).
Simple, autotrophic, thalloid body.
Cell wall = Cellulose.
Examples: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra, Laminaria
👉 Economic use: Agar (Red algae), Food supplements (Protein-rich Spirulina).
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🔹 Bryophytes (Amphibians of Plant Kingdom)
Moist, shady places mein grow karte hain.
Plant body: Thallus-like, no vascular tissue.
Sex organs multicellular: Antheridium (male), Archegonium (female).
Zygote → embryo (important feature).
Examples: Riccia, Marchantia, Moss (Funaria).
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🔹 Pteridophytes (First Vascular Plants)
Vascular tissue (xylem + phloem) present.
True root, stem & leaves develop ho gaye.
Reproduce via spores (so they’re called Cryptogams).
Sporophyte dominant, independent.
Example: Fern, Selaginella, Equisetum (Horsetail).
👉 NEET Tip: Selaginella = Heterosporous pteridophyte.
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🔹 Gymnosperms (Naked Seed Plants)
Seeds are not enclosed in fruits.
Mostly woody plants, evergreen, perennial.
Male & female cones separate.
Example: Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra.
👉 NEET Q: Cycas shows motile sperms (primitive feature).
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🔹 Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
Most advanced plants 🌸.
Seeds enclosed in fruits.
Double fertilisation (unique feature).
Divided into:
Dicots → Tap root, Reticulate venation, 2 cotyledons.
Monocots → Fibrous root, Parallel venation, 1 cotyledon.
Example: Rice, Wheat, Mango, Rose.
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📝 Quick Revision
Algae → Thalloid, aquatic, cellulose wall.
Bryophytes → Amphibians, embryo develops.
Pteridophytes → Vascular tissue + spores.
Gymnosperms → Naked seeds, cones.
Angiosperms → Flowers, fruits, double fertilisation.
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❓ NEET FAQs
Q1. Amphibians of Plant Kingdom kisko kehte hain?
👉 Bryophytes.
Q2. Double fertilisation sirf kis group mein hota hai?
👉 Angiosperms.
Q3. Selaginella heterosporous hai ya homosporous?
👉 Heterosporous.