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Cell Biology: Cell Structure, Functions and Significance

Cell Biology: Cell Structure, Functions and Significance – Complete Notes for NEET 2026

Cell Biology: Cell Structure, Functions and Significance – Complete Notes for NEET 2026

The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of life. This chapter is highly important for NEET because many questions are directly asked from NCERT diagrams, organelles, and cell theory.

What is a Cell?

A cell is the basic unit of life capable of performing all life processes.

  • Examples:
  • Amoeba → Single cell
  • Human body → Trillions of cells

Cell Theory

Proposed by: Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
Modified by: Rudolf Virchow

  • All organisms are made of cells.
  • Cell is the basic unit of life.
  • Every cell arises from a pre-existing cell.

NCERT Line: Omnis cellula e cellula (Every cell originates from another cell.)

Types of Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

  • Examples: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria
  • No true nucleus
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Circular DNA
  • Small size

Eukaryotic Cells

  • Examples: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
  • True nucleus present
  • Membrane-bound organelles present
  • Linear chromosomes

Cell Shape

Cell shape depends upon function.

  • RBC → Biconcave
  • Neuron → Long and branched
  • Muscle Cell → Elongated
  • Amoeba → Irregular

Structure of Cell – Major Components

  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus

Plasma Membrane

Outer boundary of cell. Functions: Selectively permeable, regulates transport, protection.

Fluid Mosaic Model proposed by S.J. Singer and Garth Nicolson.

Cell Wall

Present in plant cells. Composition: Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Pectin. Functions: Protection, Mechanical support.

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Cell Biology: Cell Structure, Functions and Significance 
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