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What Is DNA Fingerprinting? Mention Its Applications

What Is DNA Fingerprinting? Mention Its Applications

DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a technique used to identify an individual by analysing specific regions of their DNA that show variation among individuals.

What Is DNA Fingerprinting?

DNA fingerprinting is based on DNA polymorphism, particularly variation in repetitive DNA sequences. In the classical technique described in NCERT, Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) are important markers.

VNTRs are repetitive DNA sequences in which the number of repeat units varies among individuals. Analysis of these variable regions produces a DNA profile that can be compared between biological samples.

Principle of DNA Fingerprinting

The basic principle is that certain repetitive regions of DNA differ considerably among individuals. By analysing these variable regions, a characteristic DNA pattern can be obtained.

Therefore:

DNA polymorphism → Variable repetitive DNA sequences → DNA profile

Applications of DNA Fingerprinting

1. Forensic Identification

DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify individuals from biological samples such as blood, hair, or other tissues collected during forensic investigations.

2. Establishing Parentage

DNA profiles can be compared between individuals to help establish biological relationships, including parentage.

3. Identification of Individuals

DNA fingerprinting can help identify individuals when biological samples are available for comparison.

4. Population and Genetic Studies

DNA polymorphisms can also be studied to investigate genetic variation within and between populations.

Why Is DNA Fingerprinting Useful?

The usefulness of DNA fingerprinting comes from the variation present in selected DNA regions. When several variable markers are analysed together, the resulting DNA profile can provide strong evidence for comparing biological samples.

NCERT/NEET Key Point: DNA fingerprinting is based on polymorphism in repetitive DNA sequences. VNTRs are important repetitive DNA markers in the classical DNA fingerprinting technique.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is DNA fingerprinting?

DNA fingerprinting is a technique for identifying and comparing individuals by analysing variable regions of their DNA.

What is the basis of DNA fingerprinting?

The basis is DNA polymorphism in repetitive DNA sequences, particularly VNTRs in the classical NCERT approach.

What are the major applications of DNA fingerprinting?

Major applications include forensic identification, parentage testing, individual identification, and genetic or population studies.

Quick Revision

DNA Fingerprinting → DNA Polymorphism → VNTRs → DNA Profile → Identification and Relationship Analysis

Conclusion

DNA fingerprinting is an important molecular technique based on variation in specific DNA regions. Its applications include forensic identification, establishing biological relationships, individual identification, and genetic studies.

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