What is the Structure of a Neuron? Labeled Diagram and Functions Explained for Class 10

A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Understanding its structure and functions is very important for Class 10 Science.

What is a Neuron?

A neuron (nerve cell) is a specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses from one part of the body to another.

Structure of a Neuron (Labeled Parts)

Part	Description	Function
Cell Body (Cyton)	Contains nucleus and cytoplasm	Controls all activities of the neuron
Dendrites	Short branched fibres	Receive nerve impulses from other neurons
Axon	Long single fibre	Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Myelin Sheath	Insulating covering around axon	Increases speed of nerve impulse
Node of Ranvier	Gaps in myelin sheath	Helps in faster conduction of impulse
Axon Terminals	End of axon	Transmit impulse to next neuron or muscle
Synapse	Junction between two neurons	Allows transmission of impulse

Functions of Neuron

• Receives information from sensory organs
• Transmits nerve impulses
• Processes information in the brain and spinal cord
• Sends commands to muscles and glands

Types of Neurons

• Sensory Neurons – Carry impulses from sense organs to the brain/spinal cord
• Motor Neurons – Carry impulses from brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands
• Relay (Inter) Neurons – Connect sensory and motor neurons

Important Points for Class 10

• Neuron is the longest cell in the human body.
• Nerve impulse is an electrical signal.
• Synapse allows one-way transmission of impulse.
• Brain and spinal cord together form the Central Nervous System (CNS).

Practice drawing the labeled diagram of a neuron for better marks in exams!